Periodontal disease is a common dental condition affecting one adult in two over the age of 30. That is no small matter — it is in fact the main cause of tooth loss in adults in the industrialised world. But it is not only about teeth: periodontal disease is also associated with Alzheimer’s, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatic cancer, diabetes, stroke, heart disease and more. If you are wondering what its symptoms are, you may be surprised to find you are experiencing some of them yourself.
What is periodontal disease?
Periodontal means «around the tooth». Periodontal disease, also called periodontitis, is a disease of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth and of the jawbone that anchors them in place. It begins with bacteria in the mouth and, left untreated, can end in tooth loss.
Causes
The main cause is bacteria in plaque that go untreated. The bacteria in our mouths combine with mucus and other particles to form plaque on the teeth. Plaque that is not removed by brushing and flossing hardens into tartar. To get rid of the bacteria, our immune system releases defence cells, which cause the areas around the teeth to inflame. As our gums swell, they pull away from the teeth and form small pockets in which more bacteria can settle. Other factors that can contribute include:
- Smoking or tobacco use
- Hormonal changes (puberty, pregnancy or menopause)
- Certain illnesses
- Genetic predisposition
- Poor diet
- Stress
- Grinding or clenching the teeth
Stages
Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums without bone loss. It is a mild and reversible form, but not every case of gingivitis develops into periodontitis. Plaque forms on the teeth and the gums become inflamed, but the teeth still sit firmly in their sockets. Left untreated, inflamed gums can lead to gum disease. We speak of periodontitis when the destruction has reached the underlying bone. The pockets created by the inflammation deepen, and more and more gum tissue and bone are attacked. Eventually the teeth can loosen and fall out as they lose their hold.
The symptoms
- Gums that bleed easily when brushing and flossing
- Swollen or tender gums
- Gums that pull away from the teeth
- Changes in the way the teeth fit together when you bite
- Deep pockets between teeth and gums
- Loose or shifting teeth
- Pus between teeth and gums
- Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
- New gaps between your teeth
When to see a dentist
Periodontal disease can be painless; some people do not even know they have it. A periodontal examination with X-rays is the best way to detect and treat gum disease. If you have not been to the dentist for a while, or if you experience any of the symptoms above, you should see your dentist soon. Treating periodontitis now not only improves the health of your mouth but can have a positive effect on your general health.
